Vidura Niti - 4: The Nine Gates and Ten Who Do Not Know About Dharma

February 03, 2024

Vidura Niti - 4: The Nine Gates and Ten Who Do Not Know About Dharma

I ended the third piece on Vidura Niti with listing the six who live off six others. Let's move to the seven. Yes, I am talking about seven vices that a king must avoid. What are they?

women
dicing
hunting
drinking
harsh words
great severity of punishment
abuse of wealth.

Droupadi had some advice to Yudhishthira on why very harsh punishment is not advisable for kings.

As for dicing, nothing much need be said, though the Mahabharata does reinforce the point through the story of Nala and Damayanti.

What about hunting? The commencement of the Mahabharata's narration owes itself to the death of Parikshit, Abhimanyu's son, who was said to be addicted to hunting.

Drinking? There is the episode of Kacha and Devayani and how Shukracharya had to reveal the secret of Sanjivani because of drinking. That one vice cost the Asuras dearly.

Karna had some harsh words to say to Droupadi at the game of dice. He regretted those words later, but the damage had been done.

There are eight causes Vidura lists that cause a man's destruction. I will skip over this one, and go to the second instance of 'eight' that Vidura enumerates. The eight that bring delight:

union with friends
large inflows of wealth
the embrace of a son
sexual intercourse
pleasant conversation at the right time
high positions for one’s allies
the attainment of desired objectives
honour in the assembly of men.

I don't think they need elaboration.

Vidura then lists the nine gates of the body. They are not explicitly listed, but Bibek Debroy provides us the answer via a footnote:

Two eyes
Two ears
Two nostrils
The mouth
The anus
The genital organ

Finally, there are ten who do not know about dharma:

the intoxicated
the deluded
the insane
those who are tired
those who are angry
those who are hungry
those who are hasty
those who are timid
those who are greedy
those who are driven by lust

After this Vidura tells the king about the traits of kings and persons in general. As for the king, he punishes those who commit crimes once the crime has been established. A king will not take a weak enemy lightly, does not "enter into a quarrel over a trifle", does not enter into a feud when he is weak, nor does he enter into a conflict "with those who are strong", and so on. A person who is looked upon with affection is someone who is never arrogant, does not speak of his manliness, "does not utter harsh words in a moment of forgetfulness", is neither excessively arrogant nor excessive humility, does not rejoice excessively at his own happiness nor at the unhappiness of others.

A person regarded as "foremost among wise ones" eats in moderation but gives before eating himself, will give even to enemies if asked, he neither reveals his counsels nor reveals his "desires, intentions and motivations" to others, has friendships with equals, has a "matrimonial alliance with an equal".

After expounding on what are the characteristics of a person who is "honoured by the gods", Vidura concluded with asking the blind king to return to his brother's sons their "rightful kingdom". This concludes the first chapter of Vidura Niti. How does Dhritarashtra respond? Does he accept Vidura's advice? No, of course, not! We know nothing of that sort happened. But Dhritarashtra had more questions for Vidura. We shall cover that in the next part.

This was first published on IndicToday on July 24th, 2020.

Verses and text are sourced from Bibek Debroy's unabridged, ten-volume, English translation of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute's Critical Edition of the Mahabharata, published by Penguin from 2010 to 2015. The verses here are from volume 4.

Vidura Niti

February 03, 2024